History History And History Essay - 1592 Words

History of Statistics Tayeb Daoud Math Class 410-801 Instructor: Dr. Jacob Dasinger Contents 1: Origin 3 3800 BC 3 3000 BC 3 Sumerians 3 Egyptians 3 1491 BC 4 1017 BC 4 Greeks 4 Romans 4 Blaise Pascal Pierre De Fermat 4 Carl Friedrich Gauss 4 Gottfried Achenwall 4 John Graunt 4 Thomas Bayes 4 G. Cardano 4 Tippett Fisher 4 William the Conqueror 4 Francis Galton 4 William Playfair Pioneer of Statistical Graphics 4 2: Statistics and meaning: 5 3- History: 6 4-Conclusion: 9 References 9 1: Origin At the origin the information storage was found for millions years. A number of items were engraved on bones or woods and rocks (about 35000 years in Europe and 60,000 years in Africa: African middle stone age). Moreover, thanks to the French scientist â€Å"Gan Franso Shmelion† who broke the symbols of the ancient Egyptian language using Rosetta stone. He discovered a text in two language and three writings, that one of them was hieroglyph that was written inside the temple. During 3000 BC, Egyptian started to measure time through a calendar based on the three natural cycles (the lunar month, the solar day and the solar year). The Hyksos occupation of Egypt (1648-1540 BC) had more statistics calculation and inventions during this time and where the prophet Joseph was the interpreter of the dreams and time and a counter at that time Statistics was first used by Al Kindi, (c. 801–873 AD) from Kufa, Baghdad (Iraq, now)Show MoreRelatedHistory And History : History1540 Words   |  7 PagesAmrozia Shahram History 1301. P09 Essay History is integral part of our lives and historians play an important role to preserve history. Historians are present in every society. They have been around probably throughout the history of humanity. Their work however has become more methodical and systematic now. Modern day historians spend a lot of time searching for the truth from various sources of past information. These days so much information is available and this information is interpretedRead MoreHistory And Its Impact On History808 Words   |  4 PagesHistory is a course that contains a lot of fundamental information. It is a science that studies the past of the human race and the human civilizations, assists us to comprehend the present, so we have a better vision for the future. The History seeks to reconstitute the past event. For the reason, history has its objectives, methods. All the information of history is related to the time and space because the consideration of an historical event requires placing it i n time and in a given space. ByRead MoreHistory3115 Words   |  13 Pagesstudy history? There is no doubt that the primary purpose of schooling is to prepare students to function effectively in the world, and thereby to assist society to function effectively as well. We study the past in school not because students need to know a collection of old facts, but because history helps them understand how the world works and how human beings behave. Knowledge of the past is required for understanding present realities. When people share some common knowledge of history, theyRead MoreHistory And Its Impact On History1556 Words   |  7 Pagespeak at a current history lesson taught in a classroom, the common outsider will likely find nothing wrong with its content or presentation. They hear many famous names and key dates of the famous people and events of the past and do not bat an eyelash because they learned history in the same way. On the other hand, if a historian were to walk into that same classroom, they would be incredibly disappointed by the fact that students are not really learning how to practice history. Granted, they probablyRead MoreBig History : A New Form Of History1190 Words   |  5 Pages12, 2014 Big History Big History, which was developed by David Christian and Bill Gates, is a new form of history that is continuously popping up in several high schools and colleges across the country. It has been quietly but rapidly growing throughout the course of the past three years due to its new concept of how history can be taught. Focusing on the universe and how everything is linked. Throughout my paper I will inform you of where Big History derived from, what Big History is and how itRead MoreHistory : A New Form Of History852 Words   |  4 PagesDoing History Essay: Up until the early nineteenth-century, history had been written in two dominant traditions, â€Å"one predominantly learned and antiquarian, the other essentially literary†. 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Is history relevant? The definition of history, is a question which has sparked international debate for centuries between the writers, readers, and the makers of history. It is a vital topic which should be relevant in our lives because it?s important to acknowledge past events that have occurred in our world that deeply influences the present. This essay will discuss what history is, and why we study it. History is the studyRead MoreThe Importance Of The Discipline Of History1842 Words   |  8 PagesThe premise of the discipline of History is understood to be the packaged and reconstructed historical past and Historiography is understood to be the way in which we study the writings of this historical past and Leopold von Ranke is credited with implementing the processes that changed historiography in the mid-nineteenth century. For context, in assessing some of the contributions made by Leopold von Ranke to the concept of historiography it is necessary to look at the way in which historiographyRead MoreWhat is History? Essay792 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is History? The definition of history, is a question which has sparked international debate for centuries between the writers, readers, and the makers of history. In the words of acclaimed historian Edward Gibbon, History is indeed little more than the register of the crimes, follies and misfortunes of mankind. A more romantic view on the subject was taken by Cicero. He said, History is the witness that testifies the passing of time. It illuminates reality, vitalizes memory, provides

Benefits Of The Spanish Colonization - 1409 Words

Term Paper Spaniards, a name given to people who came from Spain or from the spanish descendents. These people over the course of hundreds of years, because this specific colonization began hundreds of years ago. Brought upon us many great opportunities and changes for our society today, but one thing in particular are benefits brought by Spanish colonizations. In this essay the reader will learn about what benefits exactly were brought by Spanish Colonization and how some of these benefits, benefit The United States today. So let this journey began. Throughout America’s history there has been many colonizers, explorers, and settlers that came to this part of the world. Spanish in particular began settling in this section of the world, thousands of years ago though it wasn t the United States, but it was one of the Americas. Spain however didn t start thinking like this or exploring and discovering new places like other civilizations across the world because of how much disuni ty this civilization had. The Spanish were considered one of the late colonizations to explore because of this problem. Well anyways to get over this specific problem one thing happen. This was the marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella. These people had their own land which eventually got brought together and made Spain with the most productive monarchy in Europe. Then with all the productive work coming from this royal couple, they then funded a journey asked from an explorer named ChristopherShow MoreRelatedCompare and Contrast Spanish and British Colonization Efforts in North America Prior to 1763.1475 Words   |  6 PagesCompare and contrast Spanish and British colonization efforts in North America prior to 1763. Prior to 1763, both Spanish and British colonization efforts expanded into various regions of North America. In less than a century, from 1625 to 1700, the movements of peoples and goods from Europe to North America transformed the continent. Native Americans either resisted or accommodated the newcomers depending on the region of the colony. Though the English colonies were by far the most populousRead MoreEffects Of Spanish Colonization909 Words   |  4 Pagesgoods,items, and especially illnesses. The impacts of the exploration and colonization on the native people brought about the population diminution, diseases that harmed the native people, and the enslavement of the native people. After the Spaniards landed on the new world they had proposed a compromise with the natives. If the natives acknowledged the Church as the superior and the King and Queen as rulers the Spanish would leave the natives unbothered. Although this seemed like a fair dealRead MoreHow Did Contact Between The European Arrivals And The Native Peoples Of The Americas Affect Both Groups?1545 Words   |  7 Pagesof the natives as no more than savages. The Europeans also introduced some beneficial elements. These included important crops such as sugar and bananas, domestic livestock such as cattle and pigs, and the horse. They also taught the natives the Spanish and Portuguese languages, though the natives came to create a large number of dialects that mixed elements of their own language with that of the new Europeans. In return, the natives put their newly-claimed land to good use by learning appropriateRead MoreDifference Between Spanish And English Colonization1012 Words   |  5 Pagesperiod of the Spanish conquest, their methods of colonization were more successful in the long term. The English were able to find economic success through agricultural and commercial means, allowing them to establish distinct and successful societies in the New World. Additionally, the success of the permanent English settlements was further strengthened by relatively accepting policies about religion and Native American relationships. One of the primary differences between Spanish and English colonizationRead MoreNegative Effects Of Colonization Essay1217 Words   |  5 Pagesthere have been many instances of colonization. Colonization is defined as â€Å"The action or process of settling among and establishing control over the indigenous people of an area† (Oxford Dictionary Online). In many cases, this has been extremely detrimental to cultures of other civilizations. Culture is â€Å"the customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits of a racial, religious, or social group† (Merriam Webster Online). The overly ambitious use of colonization has not only stripped people ofRead MoreColonization Or Imperialism Is Done By Treaties Or Agreements?1652 Words   |  7 Pages Colonization Lis Mendez AIU Online Abstract Prior to the modern or new era it was believed that conquers who conquered other lands had the right to take possession of that land, its riches, resources and even the people in order to achieve their own political agenda. Today the concept has changed, colonization or imperialism is done by treaties or agreements, they are acts in which governments negotiate with a less powerful country, they lead them to believe that their colonization willRead MoreConquest Of America Essay1078 Words   |  5 Pagescolonies in the Americas and the Spanish colonization of the Americas began with the so-called discovery of New World by Columbus in 1492 while he was searching for a new route to Asian Indies. 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However problematic his claims are, he is able to dissect the forms used by the Spanish conquest to gain control over artisticRead MoreEssay on Motivations for Emigration to the New World672 Words   |  3 Pagesmore influential draw to the New World. To begin, English colonization would have never occurred if not for Englands own economic concerns. The glories of the Spanish empire embarrassed England. Spain had been the dominating exploring and colonizing power of the European world for all of the sixteen century, the American southwest and Florida being their major investments. An outstanding amount of gold had been acquired by Spanish conquest, especially after the fall of the Aztec stronghold TenochtitlanRead MoreMalintzins Choices Essay704 Words   |  3 PagesNick Schweitzer Malintzin’s Choices Malintzin had an important role in the ancient history and colonization of Latin America. She would rise from just a simple servant girl and slave, to become one of the key factors of the Spanish colonization of the indigenous natives in the New World. She helped translate for the Spanish conquistadors and even Hernando Cortà ©s himself. Malintzin’s interpreting skills would prove crucial in the dealings between Hernando Cortà ©s and the Aztec emperor Montezuma

Military revolution free essay sample

†¢ What is the difference between a military revolution and a revolution in military affairs (RMA)? Why is the difference important? †¢ Are we currently experiencing a military revolution, an RMA, or something else? †¢ What is the Western way of war? What are its key elements and how are they different from warfare practiced by the rest of the world? †¢ Is an RMA defined by technology or something else? †¢ Are RMAs something we can plan and control? †¢ What does history tell us about the nature of revolutionary developments in warfare? †¢ And finally, so what? What does this mean to me? Care must be taken to ensure that we remember that each time has its own unique context and that the contingency of events is always in play. Things really can go the other way, nothing is pre-determined. Military history contributions: (Luvaas) †¢ History offers a vicarious experience. Students of military history can learn from mistakes and successes of others. †¢ Luvaas notes that history offers ways to capitalize on what others before him (specifically Napoleon) had experienced. †¢ Two other areas in which history can offer primary instruction are teaching how Soldiers react to fear and how Soldiers are motivated. †¢ Since fear typically does not show in training situations, experience remains the best demonstration of how individuals and units react under its unique stress. Soldiers learn from history by: (luvaas) †¢ Identifying with Soldiers and events †¢ Understanding their problems †¢ Accepting past experience on its own terms †¢ Asking pertinent questions What does Luvaas say are the pitfalls or fallacies of studying military history? Select all that apply. †¦ Luvaas warns: †¢ Although analysis of military history is the primary engine of theory and doctrine, their interrelationship has fallacies. †¢ Perhaps the greatest disservice to history and its lessons comes from its frequent association with a given set of military principles or doctrine. †¢ History can illustrate principles or doctrine, but cannot prove them. †¢ There is a natural tendency to let doctrine sit in judgment of historical events. †¢ Faith in doctrine easily and frequently distorts history. Difference betw military revolution and RMA? Murray and Knoxs Definitions †¢ If you follow the arguments presented by Murray and Knox, you would define military revolutions as periods of dramatic change in the way violence is used to pursue policy by other means. †¢ Military revolutions are caused by major upheavals in society, economics, politics, or diplomacy. †¢ Military revolutions are massive in scope, and while they may not proceed quickly by todays frantic measurement of progress, nonetheless, they carry with them profound change. †¢ Military institutions—armies, navies, and air forces—find themselves hard-pressed to keep up with changes that come with a military revolution. †¢ And, afterwards, societies will not organize for, nor conduct war the same way as before. †¢ RMAs tend to apply to military behavior rather than social, political, and economic behaviors. †¢ The difference between the two is important because of the scope in change that each brings about. †¢ If you follow the definitions offered by Murray and Knox, you will view revolutions in military affairs as significant, but not as broad or sweeping in their effects on the battlefield. Military revolution definitions †¢ Its defining feature is that it fundamentally changes the framework of war. †¢ Military revolutions recast society and the state as well as military organizations. †¢ uncontrollable, unpredictable, and unforeseeable †¢ They [who experienced military revolutions] came to recognize the grim face of revolutionary change; they could rarely aspire to do more than hang on and adapt. The Napoleonic Revolution In another momentous bequest to the 19th century, and even to the 20th, Napoleon revolutionized the methods of warfare. Because his operations were bigger and more extensive than earlier ones, logistics became a more important team-mate of strategy. Putting into effect as an art the principles of warfare advocated by preceding military thinkers and field commanders, he forced other countries to be imitative as the only hope of success. One of historys minor ironies is that France abandoned conscription under the Bourbon restoration, at a time when other countries were adopting it so as to compete with the France of Napoleon. – Robert B. Holtman, The Napoleonic Revolution (Lippincott, 1967) The Industrial Revolution was a period from the 18th to the 19th century where major changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, and transport had a profound effect on the socioeconomic and cultural conditions in the United Kingdom. The changes subsequently spread throughout Europe, North America, and eventually the world. The onset of the Industrial Revolution marked a major turning point in human history; almost every aspect of daily life was eventually influenced in some way. Starting in the later part of the 18th century there began a transition in parts of Great Britains previously manual labor and draft-animal – based economy towards machine-based manufacturing. It started with the mechanization of the textile industries, the development of iron-making techniques and the increased use of refined coal. Trade expansion was enabled by the introduction of canals, improved roads and railways. The introduction of steam power fuelled primarily by coal, wider utilization of water wheels and powered machinery (mainly in textile manufacturing) underpinned the dramatic increases in production capacity. The development of all-metal machine tools in the first two decades of the 19th century facilitated the manufacture of more production machines for manufacturing in other industries. The effects spread throughout Western Europe and North America during the 19th century, eventually affecting most of the world, a process that continues as industrialization. The impact of this change on society was enormous. The First World War World War I (abbreviated as WW-I, WWI, or WW1), also known as the First World War, the Great War, the World War (prior to the outbreak of the Second World War), and the War to End All Wars, was a global military conflict which involved most of the worlds great powers, assembled in two opposing alliances: the Allies of World War I centered around the Triple Entente and the Central Powers, centered around the Triple Alliance. More than 70 million military personnel were mobilized in one of the largest wars in history. More than 15 million people were killed, making it one of the deadliest conflicts in history. During the conflict, the industrial and scientific capabilities of the main combatants were entirely devoted to the war effort. The assassination, on 28 June 1914, of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, the heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, is seen as the immediate trigger of the war, though long-term causes, such as imperialistic foreign policy, played a major role. The archdukes assassination at the hands of Serbian nationalist Gavrilo Princip resulted in demands against the Kingdom of Serbia. Several alliances that had been formed over the past decades were invoked, so within weeks the major powers were at war; with all having colonies, the conflict soon spread around the world. By the wars end in 1918, four major imperial powers—the German, Russian, Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman Empires—had been militarily and politically defeated, with the last two ceasing to exist as autonomous entities. The revolutionized Soviet Union emerged from the Russian Empire, while the map of central Europe was completely redrawn into numerous smaller states. The League of Nations was formed in the hope of preventing another such conflict. The European nationalism spawned by the war, the repercussions of Germanys defeat, and the Treaty of Versailles would eventually lead to the beginning of World War II in 1939. – Wikipedi Nuclear Weapons A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from nuclear reactions, either fission or a combination of fission and fusion. Both reactions release vast quantities of energy from relatively small amounts of matter; a modern thermonuclear weapon weighing little more than a thousand kilograms can produce an explosion comparable to the detonation of more than a billion kilograms of conventional high explosive. Thus, even single small nuclear devices no larger than traditional bombs can devastate an entire city by blast, fire and radiation. Nuclear weapons are considered weapons of mass destruction, and their use and control has been a major focus of international relations policy since their debut. In the history of warfare, only two nuclear weapons have been detonated offensively, both near the end of World War II. The first was detonated on the morning of 6 August 1945, when the United States dropped a uranium gun-type device code-named Little Boy on the Japanese city of Hiroshima. The second was detonated three days later when the United States dropped a plutonium implosion-type device code-named Fat Man on the city of Nagasaki, Japan. These bombings resulted in the immediate deaths of around 120,000 people (mostly civilians) from injuries sustained from the explosion and acute radiation sickness, and even more deaths from long-term effects of ionizing radiation. The use of these weapons was and remains controversial. Since the Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombings, nuclear weapons have been detonated on over two thousand occasions for testing purposes and demonstration purposes. A few states have possessed such weapons or are suspected of seeking them. The only countries known to have detonated nuclear weapons—and that acknowledge possessing such weapons—are (chronologically) the United States, the Soviet Union (succeeded as a nuclear power by Russia), the United Kingdom, France, the Peoples Republic of China, India, Pakistan, and North Korea. Israel is also widely believed to possess nuclear weapons, though it does not acknowledge having them. – Wikipedia RMA- def â€Å"Revolutions in military affairs require the assembly of a complex mix of tactical, organizational, doctrinal, and technological innovations in order to implement a new conceptual approach to warfare or to a specialized sub-branch of warfare. † Examples of RMA’s†¦ Combined arms is an approach to warfare which seeks to integrate different arms of a military to achieve mutually complementary effects. Combined arms doctrine contrasts with segregated arms where each military unit is composed of only one type of soldier or weapon system. Segregated arms is the traditional method of unit/force organization, employed to provide maximum unit cohesion and concentration of force in a given weapon or unit type. Though the lower-echelon units of a combined arms team may be of homogeneous types, a balanced mixture of such units are combined into an effective higher-echelon unit, whether formally in a table of organization or informally in an ad hoc solution to a battlefield problem. For example an armored division — the modern paragon of combined arms doctrine — consists of a mixture of infantry, tank, artillery, reconnaissance, and perhaps even helicopter units, all coordinated and directed by a unified command structure. Also, most modern military units can if the situation requires it call on yet more branches of the military, such as fighter or bomber aircraft or naval forces, to support their operations. The mixing of arms is sometimes pushed down below the level where homogeneity ordinarily vprevails, for example by temporarily attaching a tank company to an infantry battalion. – Strategic bombing is a military strategy used in a total war with the goal of defeating an enemy nation-state by destroying its economic ability to wage war rather than destroying its land or naval forces. It is a systematically organized and executed attack from the air which can utilize strategic bombers, long- or medium-range missiles, or nuclear-armed fighter-bomber aircraft to attack targets deemed vital to an enemys war-making capacity. It differs from terror bombing in that the latter targets civilian populations, in an attempt either to bend a nations will to that of the attacker, such as the World War II bombing of Rotterdam, or to punish a nation for political actions, as in the 1941 bombing of Belgrade for treachery. – Wikipedia The US Navy has dominated aircraft carrier warfare since the 1920s. Conceived to provide scouting eyes for the fleet, the carrier evolved an attack capability that rivaled that of the battleships during the interwar period. Offensive tactics were developed during annual fleet problems by innovative admirals, notably Joseph Mason Reeves, and a small cadre of younger naval aviators led by John H. Towers. In World War II, the carrier became the major arbiter of American sea power, a role more or less perpetuated during and after the Cold War. US carrier forces have engaged in five principal roles and missions of varying priority according to operational objectives: (1) Fleet support, using scouting planes for reconnaissance and fighter planes as defensive interceptors; (2) Destruction of the enemy fleet, especially opposing carriers, with attack planes (bombers); (3) Protection of merchant shipping as defensive convoy escorts or offensively in hunter? killer groups, against submarines; (4) Destruction of enemy merchant shipping at sea or at anchor; and, (5) Projecting aerial firepower inland. The function of the latter objective has been twofold: supporting amphibious assaults with close air support of infantry over the beach, protective fighter cover against enemy planes, and interdiction of enemy transportation systems (bridges, roads, rail lines) in order to isolate the beachhead; and striking strategic targets—airfields, army installations, port facilities, and industrial plants. – Answers. com Naval warfare is divided into three operational areas: surface warfare, air warfare and underwater warfare. The latter may be subdivided into submarine warfare and anti-submarine warfare as well as mine warfare and mine countermeasures. Each area comprises specialized platforms and strategies used to exploit tactical advantages unique and inherent to that area. Modern submarine warfare consists primarily of diesel and nuclear submarines using weapons (like torpedoes, missiles or nuclear weapons), as well as advanced sensing equipment, to attack other submarines, ships, or land targets. Submarines may also be used for reconnaissance and landing of special forces as well as deterrence. In some navies they may be used for task force screening. The effectiveness of submarine warfare partly depends on the anti-submarine warfare carried out in response. – Wikipedia Amphibious warfare is the use of naval firepower, logistics and strategy to project military power ashore. In previous eras it stood as the primary method of delivering troops to non-contiguous enemy-held terrain. In this modern era amphibious warfare persists in the form of commando insertion by fast patrol boats, zodiacs and mini-submersibles. In the modern era of warfare, an amphibious landing of infantry troops on a beachhead is the most complex of all military maneuvers. The undertaking requires an intricate coordination of numerous military specialties, including air power, naval gunfire, naval transport, logistical planning, specialized equipment, land warfare, tactics, and extensive training in the nuances of this maneuver for all personnel involved. – Wikipedia Signals intelligence (often contracted to SIGINT) is intelligence-gathering by interception of signals, whether between people (i. e. , COMINT or communications intelligence) or between machines (i. e. , ELINT or electronic intelligence), or mixtures of the two. As sensitive information is often encrypted, signals intelligence often involves the use of cryptanalysis. However, traffic analysis—the study of who is signaling whom and in what quantity—can often produce valuable information, even when the messages themselves cannot be decrypted. As a means of collecting intelligence, signals intelligence is a subset of intelligence collection management, which, in turn, is a subset of intelligence cycle management. – Wikipedia Why are military revolutions like earthquakes? †¢ Like forces of nature, military revolutions tend to defy mans attempts to control them. †¢ They come from vast causes and lead to vast outcomes in every arena of human activity. †¢ You will recall from your reading that Murray and Knox suggest that the best a military institution can do is to attempt to anticipate and adapt the forces of change that come with a military revolution. Murry and knox Explaining History Studies †¢ You should be able to relate case studies with the concepts described in Murray and Knoxs introductory essay. †¢ WWI had monumental impacts on economics, social structure, culture, and political systems across most of Western civilization (and quite a few places where Europeans had built empires in the Third World). †¢ The military revolution of 1914 – 18 generated massive changes in the technology of warfare; and, in the interwar period that followed, the new weapons of war were refined, tested, improved, and integrated into new military organizations designed to make the most out of them. †¢ The primitive tank of 1916 led to the sophisticated fighting organization—the Panzer division. †¢ The flimsy canvas and wood machines of the Western Front led to the creation of multiengine bomber groups capable of delivering munitions from one continent to the next, and so forth. 1600’s creation of the modern state Pre-shock RMAs: †¢ Longbow †¢ Edward III’s strategy †¢ Gunpowder †¢ Fortress architecture Direct and Aftershocks: †¢ Dutch and Swedish tactical reforms †¢ French tactical and organizational reforms †¢ Naval revolution †¢ Britain’s financial revolution French and Industrial revolution Pre-shock RMA: French military reforms (post Seven Years War) Direct and Aftershocks: †¢ National economic and political mobilization †¢ Napoleonic way of war †¢ Financial and economic power based on industrialized power †¢ Technological revolution of war (railroads, rifles, and steamboats) World War 1 Pre-shock RMA: Fisher Revolution (1905 – 14) Direct and Aftershocks: †¢ Combined arms †¢ Blitzkrieg †¢ Strategic bombing †¢ Carrier warfare †¢ Unrestricted submarine warfare †¢ Amphibious warfare †¢ Intelligence †¢ Information warfare (1940 – 45) †¢ Stealth RMA Components †¢ This question requires you to dig a little deeper into the definitions. †¢ Recall earlier in this section that the authors wrote:Revolutions in military affairs require the assembly of a complex mix of tactical, organizational, doctrinal and technological innovations in order to implement a new conceptual approach to warfare or to a specialized sub-branch of warfare. †¢ The significance here is that most people tend to think that RMA are exclusively driven by technology. †¢ The Murray and Knox definition forces you to think of the conceptual and institutional adaptations needed to make an RMA possible. †¢ Recall the way RMA encompassed more than just changes in the weapons used on the battlefield. †¢ For example, the tank did not become the decisive weapon of the blitzkrieg RMA until it was integrated into a combined arms formation (the Panzer division) and guided by a doctrine that took advantage of the tanks speed and shock effect. According to Hundley, an RMA involves a paradigm shift in the nature and conduct of military operations: †¢ Which either renders obsolete or irrelevant one or more core competencies of a dominant player †¢ Or creates one or more new core competencies in some new dimension of warfare †¢ Or both What are some notable characteristics of RMA? Rarely brought about by dominant players Gives an immediate advantage to the first player to exploit them Usually result from combinations rather than individual technologies The first to exploit is NOT always the first to invent. RMAs are NOT always technology-driven. Successful ones have three components: technology, doctrine, and organization More failed examples than successful ones May take a long time to develop RMAs are rarely started by the dominant player. They also consist of organizational, technical and doctrinal components. Revolution Fundamentally changes the framework of war Uncontrollable, unpredictable, and unforeseeable Violence is used to pursue policy Massive in scope Caused by major upheavals in society, economics, politics, or diplomacy. Massive in scope, and while they may not proceed quickly by today’s frantic measurement of progress, they carry with them profound change. Military revolutions are broad or sweeping in their effects on the battlefield; RMAs may just be significant. Military revolutions also apply to all the social, political and economic aspects, rather than strictly the military ones as RMAs do. RMA Rarely brought about by dominant players Assembly of a complex mix of tactical, organizational, doctrinal, technological innovations Applied to military behavior rather than social, political, and economic behaviors. Significant but not broad or sweeping in their effects. RMAs just apply to the military aspect. They’re significant, but don’t have a military revolution’s broad, sweeping effects. Since RMAs have only military effects, they don’t apply to the political and social aspects of the Napoleonic Revolution or Industrial Revolution. Rarely brought about by dominant players Gives an immediate advantage to the first player to exploit them The first to exploit is not always the first to invent Successful ones have three components: technology, doctrine, and organization May take a long time to develop More failed examples than successful ones Negative Consequences (murry and knox) †¢ The two authors found that DESERT STORM encouraged a tendency in the US military to micromanage military operations from the highest level (they suggested the spirit of McNamara was resurrected). †¢ They believed DESERT STORM encouraged the Services to continue searching for all the multi-billion dollar, high-tech toys they could accumulate instead of thinking about what they really needed and how best to use their resources. †¢ They believed the 100-hour victory led to the expectation of quick, near-bloodless victories. †¢ Finally, they believed the technological wizardry displayed in the Gulf seemed to promise that the United States would not have to do hard strategic thinking. Warfare Styles †¢ Parker argues that every culture develops its own style of warfare. †¢ Western civilization developed their unique way of fighting. †¢ The Western styles significance is that it became the dominant style, essentially leading to the Wests dominant position. Western War Technology †¢ The armed forces of the West have always placed heavy reliance on superior technology, usually to compensate for inferior numbers. †¢ That is not to say that the West enjoyed universal technology superiority. †¢ Until the advent of musketry volleys and field artillery in the early seventeenth century, the recurved bow used by horse archers all over Asia proved far more effective than any western weaponry, but, with few exceptions, the horse archers of Asia did not directly threaten the West and, when they did, the threat wasnt sustained. †¢ Nor did the all the advanced technology originate in the West: many vital innovations, including the stirrup and gunpowder, came from eastern adversaries. – Parker 2 Discipline †¢ Western military practice has always exalted discipline rather than kinship, religion or patriotism as the primary instrument that turns bands of men fighting as individuals into soldiers fighting as part of organized units. †¢ The critical element of discipline I s the ability of a formation to stand fast in the face of the enemy, whether attacking or being attacked, without giving way to the natural impulses of fear and panic. †¢ Discipline proved particularly important for western armies because their wars were normally won by infantry. Withstanding a full cavalry charge without flinching required arduous training, strong unit cohesion, and superb self-control. – Parker 2, 3 Highly Aggressive Military Tradition †¢ Aggression – the export of violence – played a central role in the rise of the West. †¢ For most of the past 2,500 years, military and naval; superiority rather than better resources, great moral rectitude, irresistible commercial acumen or, until the nineteenth century, advanced economic organization under-pinned western expansion. †¢ This military edge meant that the West seldom suffered successful invasion itself. None encompassed total destruction. Conversely, western forces, although numerically inferior, not only defeated the Persian and Carthaginian invaders but managed to extirpate the states that sent them. – Parker 10 Emphasis on Innovation †¢ Normally, military technology is the first to be borrowed by every society, because the penalty for ailing to do so can be immediate and fatal; but the West seems to have been preternaturally receptive to new technology, whether from its own inventors or from outside. †¢ Technological innovation, and the equally vital ability to respond to it, soon became an established feature of western warfare. †¢ Since the Persian wars in the fifth century BC, few periods can be found during which the West proved unable to muster forces with a fighting potential superior to that of its immediate adversaries. – Parker 2 Unique System of War Finance †¢ The Wests ability to mobilize money in support of its campaigns is the most overlooked aspect of its superiority. †¢ Financial strength enabled the West to finance technological innovation, to pay soldiers enough to submit to discipline and to build armies and navies big and mobile enough to project power around the world. †¢ After the introduction of gunpowder weapons and defenses, the cost of each war proved significantly higher than that of the last, while the cost of military hardware rose to such a degree that only a centralized state could afford to buy. †¢ The financial burden of fighting may be spread over a wide social group or even over several generations. †¢ A capital-intensive military system, by contrast, requires the stockpiling of a wide panoply of weapons that, although extremely expensive, may so become outdated. †¢ Its attraction, however, lay precisely in the combination of high initial cost with low maintenance. †¢ An example is the Harlech castle, one of Edward Is magnificent fortifications in Wales, cost almost an entire years revenue to build, but in 1294 its garrison of on 37 soldiers defended it against attack. †¢ Another example is the Manhattan Project which spent millions of dollars on the production of nuclear devices which, delivered on two August mornings in 1945 by just two airplanes, precipitated the unconditional surrender of Imperial Japan and the millions of her troops still in arms all over southeast Asia. – Parker 6, 7 Why Imitating Western-Style Warfare †¢ Western-style warfare comes as a package. †¢ To adopt Western style warfare, countries outside the West have difficulty because the Western style of warfare is so inextricably tied to Western culture. †¢ Countries also have to be able to mobilize resources in a way that is competitive with the West. †¢ Military institutions tend to be conservative in outlook, and this feature frequently prevents them from adapting to the Western style of war. †¢ As Geoffrey Parker points out, one country that proved able to adapt the Western way of war to its own culture was Japan. However, there are few other examples. is it hard to imitate western style warfare? According to Murray and Knox, what were the negative consequences of the US victory in DESERT STORM? The two authors find that DESERT STORM encouraged a tendency in the US military to micromanage military operations from the highest level (they suggest the spirit of McNamara was resurrected). They believe Operation DESERT STORM (ODS) encouraged the Services to continue searching for all the multi-billion dollar, high-tech toys they could accumulate instead of thinking about what they really needed and how best to use their resources. They believed the 100-hour victory led to the expectation of quick, near-bloodless victories. According to Geoffrey Parker, the Western way of war is the unique way of fighting that developed in Western civilization. Park The significance of the Western style is its dominance. It led to the West’s dominance. er argues that every culture develops its own style of warfare. History shows that each culture develops its own version of warfare which is evident in our COE. The Western way of war has become the paradigm. It is based on five essential features: Technology, discipline, Highly aggressive military tradition, emph on innovation, unique system of war finance. Training and leadership can be considered generic to all cultures. The West really didn’t have an edge on those aspects. Which event was more revolutionary? The 9/11 attacks against the Pentagon and World Trade Center or the shock and awe campaign against downtown Baghdad? †¢ The Al Qaeda hijackers used existing technology to dramatically revise the US perception of national security. †¢ By attacking and killing civilians wholesale, they demonstrated an unwillingness to follow traditionally held values and rules of engagement generally accepted by Western armies. †¢ By contrast, the US bombing campaign against Iraq was a technological marvel intentionally designed to avoid civilian casualties. †¢ The precision and visual impact of our strikes was impressive, but their impact remains uncertain. One might argue that neither attack was truly revolutionary. †¢ The Japanese kamikazes of 1944 – 45 demonstrated the ability to use human pilots to turn normal aircraft into precision-guided munitions. †¢ The joint direct attack munitions (JDAMs) of 2003 were just an evolutionary improvement of the laser-guided weaponry of the late Vietnam War. †¢ Perhaps, more revolutionary, was Al Qaedas failed attempt to hit the White House, just as the US Militarys attempts to kill Saddam Hussein at the outset of the Iraq War. Military Revolution Definitions †¢ Its defining feature is that it fundamentally changes the framework of war. †¢ Military revolutions recast society and the state as well as military organizations. †¢ uncontrollable, unpredictable, and unforeseeable †¢ They [who experienced military revolutions] came to recognize the grim face of revolutionary change; they could rarely aspire to do more than hang on and adapt. Analysis of military revolutions helps by: †¢ Understanding the impact of revolution on the society, the state, and the military. †¢ Recognizing an onset of a military revolution to better make decisions to assist military organizations to adapt to change. †¢ Predicting future military requirements based on changes brought about through military revolutions. †¢ Understanding what changes are possible based on the environment. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Summary Military Revolution †¢ Occur during periods of dramatic change in the way violence is used to pursue policy by other means †¢ Caused by major upheavals in society, economics, politics, or diplomacy †¢ Are massive in scope †¢ May not proceed quickly by todays standards †¢ Produce profound changes Revolution in

Witchcraft And Its Effects On Society Essay Example For Students

Witchcraft And Its Effects On Society Essay Witchcraft is a phenomenon that has captured the minds of millions since the beginning of history. These so-called witches have caused fear, hatred, interest, widespread panic, and a variety of other emotions in other people from all over the world. Every society and civilization on this planet have all some form of witchcraft in their history. Witchcraft itself has a deep history of its own causing it to be recognized in literature and modern society. First, witchcraft has a very fascinating history, which is fairly important to discuss. Because much of its history is shrouded in superstition and has not properly been recorded, its exact history is hard to explain. It is easier to see witchcraft as a mindset or belief than an organized institution. According to Montague Summers, witches can be described as heretics and anarchists, most of which follow the chief of demons, also known as the Devil. Obviously Mr. Summers, along with many other people, takes a pessimistic view towards the realm of witchcraft. Among these anti-witch enthusiasts was Henry VIII, who was the first king of England to pass Statute against the practice of witchcraft. Many kings who ruled after Henry VIII also created statutes against witchcraft. James I made one in 1604, which was repealed over a century later in 1736. Throughout the centuries in England, strict laws and numerous trials were held against suspected witches. Some of the more notable trials inc lude the Chelmsford trials in 1566, 1579, and 1589, the trials in Lancashire in 1612, and the Staffordshire trials in 1597. Some cases even tried people posing as witches like Thomas Darling, John Smith, and William Perry. Many books had been written at the time about the subject of witchcraft like Demonology, Discovery of Witches, Discovery of Witchcraft, and Dr. Lambs Darling. (Wysiwyg://7/http://www.geocities.com/Athens/2962/witchcraze/time_england.html)Second, witchcraft is recognized around the world through its appearance in literature. Many well-known examples of a wide variety of witches can be found throughout literature. Many of these literary works include The Wizard of Oz, which not only has one witch but two: Glenda the Good Witch and The Wicked Witch of the West. These two witches seem to represent some of the many views of witches. Glenda takes on the view of a fairy godmother, a type of witch that only has good intentions and poses no harm to anyone. But, wicked witc h poses as the stereotypical halloweenish view of a witch: an old, ugly, ill-hearted, broomstick riding, spell-casting, evil, maniacal woman. Another story that features a witch is The Witch of Blackbird Pond. This story exhibits an old woman that who is exiled from the village for merely holding different beliefs than the other villagers. So instead of allowing her to practice her Quaker beliefs, she branded a witch and persecuted for her differences. We will write a custom essay on Witchcraft And Its Effects On Society specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Third, most importantly witchcraft has made its presence known through its appearance in American popular culture. Namely, it has become the subject of numerous television programs. Since the early 1960s there have been almost a dozen network television programs based on the lives of witches. These shows include many popular hits like Bewitched, Angelique, Tabitha, Tuckers Witch, Free Spirit, Sabrina the Teenage Witch, and Charmed. Of these few programs, the most popular witches include Samantha (Elizabeth Montgomery) from Bewitched and Sabrina (Melissa Joan Hart) from Sabrina the Teenage Witch. Samantha always portrayed a caring, good witch that must keep her true identity hidden from everyone but her husband, Darrin. On the other hand, Sabrina is a bewildered teenager trying to cope with her newfound powers and the everyday problems of being a teenager. Witches have also appeared in numerous childrens programming that sets in at an early age the stereotypical view of witches. Some of these shows include Casper the Friendly Ghost, H.R. Pufnstuf, Sabrina the Teenage Witch, and The Bugaloos (Weeks, 23-25). .uf225c9af2c280feb8b04f80e42bf45c6 , .uf225c9af2c280feb8b04f80e42bf45c6 .postImageUrl , .uf225c9af2c280feb8b04f80e42bf45c6 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf225c9af2c280feb8b04f80e42bf45c6 , .uf225c9af2c280feb8b04f80e42bf45c6:hover , .uf225c9af2c280feb8b04f80e42bf45c6:visited , .uf225c9af2c280feb8b04f80e42bf45c6:active { border:0!important; } .uf225c9af2c280feb8b04f80e42bf45c6 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf225c9af2c280feb8b04f80e42bf45c6 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf225c9af2c280feb8b04f80e42bf45c6:active , .uf225c9af2c280feb8b04f80e42bf45c6:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf225c9af2c280feb8b04f80e42bf45c6 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf225c9af2c280feb8b04f80e42bf45c6 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf225c9af2c280feb8b04f80e42bf45c6 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf225c9af2c280feb8b04f80e42bf45c6 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf225c9af2c280feb8b04f80e42bf45c6:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf225c9af2c280feb8b04f80e42bf45c6 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf225c9af2c280feb8b04f80e42bf45c6 .uf225c9af2c280feb8b04f80e42bf45c6-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf225c9af2c280feb8b04f80e42bf45c6:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Logic and meaning of life EssayIn conclusion, witches, in all their forms, have played an important role in the world, as we know it. They have caused such things as literature, culture, and society all a little more interesting by creating fear and curiosity. But, more often than not those who are different from everyone else are regarded as witches and not even treated with

Its Just Hair or Youre Just Ignorant free essay sample

â€Å"It’s just hair.† That was my defense, my justification to the widened eyes and dropped jaws. When people asked how I could do it how I could go from my socially acceptable, shoulder-length hair to a mohawk my response was always the same: â€Å"It’s just hair.† In my innocent, unassuming mind, a change, although admittedly drastic, in hairstyle couldn’t have possibly resulted in a change concerning how I was perceived intellectually or socially. That notion was quickly proven wrong. If it was â€Å"just hair,† my mother wouldn’t have avoided looking me in the eyes for the next few months. If it was â€Å"just hair,† cashiers’ gazes wouldn’t have followed me as I entered their stores. If it was â€Å"just hair,† I wouldn’t have been treated any differently in the first place. However, all of those things did happen, and consequently, the mohawk came to mean something else entirely. We will write a custom essay sample on Its Just Hair or Youre Just Ignorant or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Every other aspect of myself had remained constant as those locks were shorn I didn’t develop a rebellious or disrespectful attitude, my grades didn’t drop, nor did I lose sight of my intellectual pursuits and academic goals. My mohawk did not excuse me from any of my self-imposed obligations to succeed as an accomplished student or an integral part of my community. It was quite the opposite: by expressing any harbored insubordinate desires through the harmless outlet of a simple haircut, I stifled those same desires in other areas of my life. I knew that my choice of hairstyle said nothing about my academic achievements, my manners, or what my mind was capable of. Although I, myself, was aware of this complete lack of internal change, others didn’t catch on as quickly. Suddenly, because the sides of my head had been shaved down to a thin layer of hair, I was viewed as a less competent student teachers became skeptical of the work I handed in, forcing me to work harder to accumulate the same grades I could have easily gotten before. My good behavior was no longer accepted at face value. I had grown up accustomed to automatically gaining an adult’s trust through my respectful and inoffensive demeanor. Once he or she saw my mohawk, though, my demeanor was seen as a ruse, a sneaky attempt to deceptively woo him or her, and the concept of trust deflated. As these people came to know me better, they rethought their first impressions. They saw me listen to authority figures, take direction without complaint, and respectfully voice my opinion. They also watched me analyze literature, prove hypotheses, and take pleasure in pursuing my education. They may have reformed the image they had constructed in their own heads, but that initial doubt has permanently altered the way I perceive myself. My hair does not define me, and to judge me based on something so inconsequential is a mistake. In the end, â€Å"it’s just hair,† anyway, and there are more parts to me than strands on my head.

Free Essays on Test Tube Chriogenetics

In your opinion should test tube genetics be allowed? Human life should be created from a test tube. In today’s modern world, people are already having children fertilized in test tubes, mostly because of reproductive problems in parents. I believe if you have enough money you can be allowed to make child in a test tube, but this will only apply to married couples who cannot by any other means have children. Another application of a test tube baby would be to harvest organs and limbs from them to save other human beings whom, once again have enough money to buy one. Or have such an important position in our country that they will be allowed to have a harvested organ or limb for a discounted price. A third use for test tube babies would be for testing, such as various medication treatments or new procedures in medicine. For example we could infect several babies with A.I.D.S. then test certain drugs on them to see if they help stop or slow down A.I.D.S. The medications derived from these tests would only be sold to rich or important people, such as the above. Arguments against test tube babies are that they are unmoral. Does the baby feel the heartbeat of its mother? Does the child hear a mother’s singing? If it were in a test tube, then I would think not. Lots of people say that growing a baby this way should be illegal and that the only way that a child should be created is the way god intended us to. Another argument against test tube babies is why make them at all? Our earth has already started to become over-populated, why make these children? This is why I say only people with enough money should be allowed to have the procedure, or they have no other means of receiving a newborn. Adopting is a great alternative for people who can’t bear a child, and still want to have the joys of raising one. I hope my answer to the question of this essay is clearly understood, I do support this science, but only as a last altern... Free Essays on Test Tube Chriogenetics Free Essays on Test Tube Chriogenetics In your opinion should test tube genetics be allowed? Human life should be created from a test tube. In today’s modern world, people are already having children fertilized in test tubes, mostly because of reproductive problems in parents. I believe if you have enough money you can be allowed to make child in a test tube, but this will only apply to married couples who cannot by any other means have children. Another application of a test tube baby would be to harvest organs and limbs from them to save other human beings whom, once again have enough money to buy one. Or have such an important position in our country that they will be allowed to have a harvested organ or limb for a discounted price. A third use for test tube babies would be for testing, such as various medication treatments or new procedures in medicine. For example we could infect several babies with A.I.D.S. then test certain drugs on them to see if they help stop or slow down A.I.D.S. The medications derived from these tests would only be sold to rich or important people, such as the above. Arguments against test tube babies are that they are unmoral. Does the baby feel the heartbeat of its mother? Does the child hear a mother’s singing? If it were in a test tube, then I would think not. Lots of people say that growing a baby this way should be illegal and that the only way that a child should be created is the way god intended us to. Another argument against test tube babies is why make them at all? Our earth has already started to become over-populated, why make these children? This is why I say only people with enough money should be allowed to have the procedure, or they have no other means of receiving a newborn. Adopting is a great alternative for people who can’t bear a child, and still want to have the joys of raising one. I hope my answer to the question of this essay is clearly understood, I do support this science, but only as a last altern...

Constructing Pro-Forma Statements (Heartland Express) Term Paper

Constructing Pro-Forma Statements (Heartland Express) - Term Paper Example e income taxes 53,264 26,833 13,617 26,833 Federal and state income taxes 9,350 9,350 9,350 9,350 Net income 43,914 17,483 4,267 17,483 FINANCIAL STATEMENT ANALYSIS THROUGH RATIO ANALYSIS A method widely used by the investors and analyst in order to evaluate and analyze the financial history of the company is the ‘Ratio Analysis’. Ratio analysis is a very accurate and reliable tool when it comes to analyzing the financial outlook of an entity. The primary reason to conduct a ratio analysis is to quantify the results of the operations of a company and compare them with that of the prior year(s) in order to assess different aspects of the financial feasibility. The ratios can be divided into various categories such as profitability, gearing and liquidity, each focusing on a different area of the financial outlook of the organization and highlighting the company’s performance. The financial analysis of Heartland Express is divided into three main categorize namely Pr ofitability, Liquidity and Gearing. Profitability Ratios    2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006    Profitability Ratios Gross profit margin 20.16% 18.31% 17.18% 15.66% 18.66% 21.58% Net profit margin 20.30% 18.59% 17.69% 17.12% 20.40% 23.63% ROCE 31.50% 27.79% 22.11% 29.74% 35.22% 27.30% EPS 0.78 0.69% 0.62 0.73 0.78 0.89 Gross profit margin is an analyzing tool which assists in identifying how effectively and efficiently the company is utilizing its raw materials [1], variable cost related to labor and fixed costs such as rent and depreciation of property plant and equipment. The gross profit margin analysis of the last five years shows that subsequent to the financial year 2006, the gross profit margin declines. Though the sales of the company kept on increasing subsequent to the financial year 2006, but the... The liquidity ratio measures the company’s ability to pay its short-term liabilities. The ratio illustrates that how quickly a company can convert its assets into cash and cash equivalent in order to pay off its short-term liabilities. The most commonly used liquidity ratio, the current ratio, which is calculated by comparing the current assets and current liabilities. The strengthened the current ratio the more ability the company has to pay its debts and short-term obligations over the next 12 months. An overall analysis of the ratio would portray that in all the years the company had enough assets to pay off its obligations and debts. In the financial year 2007, the current ratio decreases from 3.35 to 2.91 due to the decrease in the current assets of the company by a staggering 32% which majorly pertains to the decrease in the short term investment from 322 million to 186 million. The cause of the decrease in the current ratio for the financial year 2008 also pertains to t he massive decrease in the short term investment. The reason for this decline is during that particular period, the equity shares market was going through its worst time. The companies rather than recording losses on market to market of these securities started selling these securities in the stock market. The acid test, which is also regarded as the quick ratio, is calculated by subtracting the inventory balance from the total current assert balance. Out of the current assets mentioned, inventories are regarded as the one which takes comparatively more time to be converted into cash or cash equivalent. The acid test ratio has followed the same trend as the current ratio.

Role Of A Lawyer In Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Role Of A Lawyer In Business - Essay Example Provision of ideas to the client- The lawyer may provide the necessary ideas and the advice to the client. However, the nature and the type of advice may differ depending upon the type of the client. In certain areas, the client may be extremely knowledgeable exhibiting complete mastery over the particular issue. In those cases, the advice may be limited to certain trivial and core operational areas. On the other hand, there are certain businesses where the lawyer assumes a much larger role when compared to the current role. As for example, in the areas where the business is dependent on the IPR (Intellectual Property Rights), the legality of the case become increasingly important. Thus, in cases like this, the lawyer basically plays the role of a business advisor. Other areas that can be included in the following gamut are the businesses that run out of multiple countries or sell products in multiple countries. Implementation of the determined business objectives- The successful operation of any business is dependent on the achievement of the stipulated business objectives. The attainment of those business objectives is a function of proper business decisions in the relevant areas. The lawyer has to get a fair idea about the long term goals, the mission, the vision and the objectives of the business. This may help in the determination of proper steps towards the outcome. The financial implication can also be better understood if the lawyer devises the proper strategy and the roadmap for the same. This will help the businesses to determine what is important, what is relevant and what could be used to achieve those objectives. The lawyer should help in demarcating the business issues from the legal issue so that the necessary steps could be taken without any problem. The lawyer could also look into the possible alternatives for running any business. Thereby, all the stop gap arrangements coul d be done to ensure that the business keeps on running. Protection of the interests of the client- The first and the foremost responsibility of all the lawyers is to protect the interest of the clients. The interests of the clients are varied and different. Therefore, the necessary areas of the contention are also different. The lawyer must always ensure that the proper directions are given to the client. Limitation of risk to the client- One of the most important activities of the lawyer is to ensure that the risk to the business is mitigated at all costs. All the measures should be taken by the lawyer to see that at any point of time, the business does not suffer any kind of loss. The lawyer and the business head must be able to develop a consensus on the business needs. This includes two steps, looking at the ability to diminish the effects of the quantitative risk and the effects of the risk on the business. Therefore, this complete procedure ensures that the clients and the ind ividuals are on the same page in terms of the proliferation of business.

Networking Topic Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Networking Topic - Research Paper Example To begin with wireless networking, the first thing needed is a â€Å"high speed internet connection at the place where you want to use wireless networking† such as digital subscriber line (DSL) or WI-FI (Software Reviews). Other requirements include wireless networking adapter or a PC card adapter, a modem and a network hub. In case of wide-ranging wireless networking, it is always sensible to use an HP Network Assistant â€Å"to validate your wired and wireless network settings† (Hewlett-Packard Development Company). Wireless networks are based on IEEE 802.11 standards which is a set of standards developed by IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) to carry out WLAN technology with specifications or protocols like 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g, 802.11n having frequency bandwidth of 2.4, 3.6 and 5 GHz. Three main types of wireless networks are WLAN, WPAN and WMAN. Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs) enable a user to connect to a local area network through wireless networking, like a small network in a house or an office. WLANs use radio waves for information transmission and are based on IEEE 802.11 standards. An example is Wi-Fi which is a fast speed wireless technology connecting devices for quick file sharing. Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs) connect two devices which are present close to each other or within personal reach. An example is Bluetooth which can â€Å"transmit at relatively low power and have a range of only 30 feet or so† (Bradley). Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks (WMANs) cover a larger geographic area and interconnect WLANs to one another. Another name used for WLANs is WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) which is a digital telecommunication technology based on IEEE 802.16 standards and supplies broadband wireless access cov ering a very large area. To maintain security of wireless networks is a bit difficult as compared to wired networks. The reason for this is that it is easier to

Certain Omissions Regarded As Criminal Conduct In Scotland Law Essay

Certain Omissions Regarded As Criminal Conduct In Scotland Law Essay There are certain restricted circumstances in Scots Law that an omission is regarded as criminal conduct. The key question to look at is do we have a positive duty to act? In Scots Common law there is no legal obligation if one individual finds another in peril to intervene and assist. However in some circumstances a situation will arise were failure to intervene will result in criminal liability  [3]  . So it is not what the accused did it is what they did not do. The situations were such intervention is legally required fall into three categories that have to be examined closely with particular reference to specific crucial cases. In addition looking at the significance of the actus reus and the mens rea in relation to appropriate cases. The actus reus has no official definition but it is the physical element of a crime, which includes conduct, omission or situation. The mens rea accompanied by the actus reus would result in criminal liability.  [4]  To illustrate both in t erms of omission I have highlighted specific cases that explain the significance of both The first circumstances that a failure to act can give rise to criminal liability is where a dangerous situation has been created by the accused or where the prior actions of the accused has created danger  [5]  This type of omission generally follows a positive act, this may be criminal or not. In HM Advocate v McPhee (1935) the accused was charged with murder. McPhee had carried out a violent serious assault on a woman, beating her, repeatedly kicking her, knocking her down and left her unconscious in an open field.  [6]  Lord Mackay upheld the murder conviction on the grounds that it could be asserted that the accused wickedly and feloniously exposed the woman regardless of consequences to the inclemency of the weather, and if she died in consequence both of the beating and exposure  [7]  This case found the accused guilty of culpable homicide. In cases similar to McPhees an omission will not arise if it can be proven that the accused initial criminal actions caused th e victims death. However because McPhees assault on the woman had weakened her he had a responsibility to remove her from that situation or aid her in the particular situation which the he had all ready created  [8]   An important case to highlight under this section is MacPhail v Clark (1983). This situation is a little more complicated as the actions of the accused are not criminal but instead his actions were negligent and reckless. However the actions that caused this situation may be regarded as criminal if they cause harm and in this case endanger lives.  [9]  The farmer in this case had set a fire to burn straw in a field that was upwind from a dual carriage way. The fire had spread causing the smoke to carry onto the road causing bad visibility. This resulted in two vehicles colliding causing injury.  [10]  The farmer was convicted of recklessly endangering the lieges.  [11]  It was highlighted that the farmer did nothing wrong in setting the fire in the field, it was the failure to ensure that the fire was safe and would not spread. Reports found that the burning of the straw continued for at least twenty minutes and the farmer continued to plough right up until the arrival of the emergency services.  [12]  The Farmer had done nothing to stop the fire spreading and continued to allow it to spread onto the road without taking any action to stop the dangerous situation that he had created. The second circumstances that can give rise to criminal liability are where the accused status or contractual obligation results in a duty to act.  [13]  This status or contractual obligation is when a person in a public office or position or responsibility has a duty to prevent the occurrence of harm, fails to do so.  [14]  This means that an onlooker is under a position and duties were they have a responsibility to prevent the offence. If the onlooker fails to do this it may result in criminal liability.  [15]  Bonar and Hogg v McLeod (1983) highlights a failure to prevent an offence. Mr Bonar was an older and more experienced senior officer who by being present at the scene of the crime and failure to intervene led to art and part guilt.  [16]  Hogg the officer who assaulted the prisoner, grabbed him by the throat and pushed his arm up his back, then quick marched him down the corridor. The excessiveness of the force was unnecessary as the prisoner was neither resi sting nor struggling with the officer.  [17]  During this offence Bonar did not only stand back and allow this to happen but was an active participant in the quick march down the corridor.  [18]  Bonar was regarded as art in part liable for the assault upon the prisoner.  [19]   The third and final situation that intervention is legally required is where a prior relationship between the accused and the victim which is such that there is a legal obligation to act.  [20]  An example of a special relationship would be a mother and child. In Bone v HM Advocate the mother was charged with culpable homicide of her daughter by witnessing and countenancing criminal conduct.  [21]  The allegations made against Bone were that she wilfully failed to protect her child and also to ensure that her wellbeing was intact or seek medical attention for her injuries. However Bones appealed the conviction and the appeal went in her favour and was quashed  [22]  . This was on the basis that the trial judge misdirected the jury by failing to give significant directions of the question of the assessment of whether the appellant had failed to take the reasonable steps to protect her child and ensure her wellbeing.  [23]  Due to this it was found that there was a misc arriage of justice and allowed the appeal against the conviction. Another case of relevance is to look at the relationship between a doctor and a patient. In this particular English case Adamako in 1993 was an anaesthetists in an eye operation were the tube from the ventilator had been detached. Adamako did not notice this for roughly six minutes when the patient went into cardiac arrest.  [24]  During the trial Adamako was charged with manslaughter by gross negligence, where the accused breached a duty of care towards the patient that resulted in death.  [25]  Adamako appealed to the House of Lords were the conviction was upheld. Lord Mackay stated that gross negligence depends on the seriousness of the breach of the duty committed by defendant in all circumstances in which he was placed when it occurs and whether, having regard to the risk of death involved, the conduct of the defendant was so bad in all circumstances as to amount in the jurys judgement to a criminal act or omission.  [26]  For an involuntary manslaughter by breach of duty to be proved firstly there has to be proof of the existence duty which was apparent in this case anaesthetists and patient. Secondly, a breach of duty resulting in death. This again occurred when the accused failed to see the detachment of the ventilator which led to cardiac arrest. Finally the jury must consider the gross negligence as justified for a criminal conviction.  [27]   In HM Advocate v McPhee a case mentioned earlier it is important to consider the significance of actus reus and mens rea. McPhee omits to the assault on the woman so therefore this can constitute to the actus reas of the crime. McPhee had severely beaten the woman and therefore weakening her putting her in a dangerous situation which lead to her death.  [28]  Paterson v Lees is a case of relevance that highlights the significance of the mens rea applied in a case of omission. Paterson was charged with inter alia, conducting himself in a shamelessly indecent manner. Paterson was babysitting his neighbours children a 9 year old little girl and an 11 year old boy. The original statement made was that the appellant did conduct [himself] is a shamelessly indecent manner towards [the female complainer aged 9 and the male complainer aged 11] and did show them a film of an obscene and indecent nature which depicted acts of human sexual intercourse.  [29]  What was illustrated in the case was that the appellant had allowed the children to continue watching the video he omitted to stop the children viewing the video. The Appeal Court was unanimous in the decision that the charge of shameless indecency could not be committed in this way. The issue here was that it was not a crime to permit children to view indecent material.  [30]  In common law shamelessly indecent conduct is an offence therefore it involves the element of mens rea. Therefore it must be proved that Paterson has the appropriate mens rea in this case it would be an intention to commit the offence this would involve switching on the material either intending to corrupt or deprave or knowledge that the material is liable to corrupt or deprave.  [31]  Due to this element of mens rea Patersons appeal was allowed. To conclude, the failure to act in some circumstances can under Scots law lead to criminal liability. When looking at omissions it is important to establish the requirements that lead to an omission and the elements of actus reus and mens rea. They all play vital roles in illustrating the complexity of being liable in certain circumstances and the wide variety of cases that involve omissions.

The New Standard: VoiceXML Essay -- Computer Programming Languages

VoiceXML the New Standard for Voice Applications From the initial introduction of VoiceXML in March of 2000, the world of customer service and voice applications have been turned upside down. Before VoiceXML, companies were complaining about the flexibility of their voice applications. Problems were arising because consumers were growing tired of using the touch-tone keypad on their telephones to select options and companies were losing more money than they would have liked. In order to increase the portability of their applications, companies decided to find a new way to standardize their interface. The solution that came about was VoiceXML, which was created by Motorola, AT&T, Lucent Technologies and IBM. The VoiceXML language is based on the World Wide Web Consortium's XML standard. Through the use of VoiceXML speech enabled applications have begun to help companies cut costs and deliver superior service. This standard has almost revolutionized the way that companies handle automated calls. This standard has started a competitive market for other platforms that enable businesses to improve all processes of their customer care and communication over the phone. VoiceXML or VXML is an open standard for building and controlling intelligent voice applications that incorporate speech recognition and text to speech technologies. According to Xiaole Song, VoiceXML is designed to be platform independent around the same server logic pull model used for HTML applications. Developers are able to create audio dialogs that have speech, audio, and the recognition of spoken and touch tone input and mixed conversations. Most of the existing automatic call handling systems lacked intelligence because they were built on menu st... ...2001, Aug 1) Let voice XML speak [Online] 2 pages; Available: http://www.wirelessreview.com Song, Xiaole. (2004, June 14) Implementing Speech-Enables Contact Center Applications [Online], 6 pages, Available: http://www.tmcnet.com/ Mitchell, Robert L. (2005, August 22) Smart Talk: Speech-enabled apps deliver bottom line benefits [Online] 5 pages, Available: http://www.computerworld.com Mitchell, Robert L. (2005, August 22) Smart Talk: Speech-enabled apps deliver bottom line benefits [Online] 5 pages, Available: http://www.computerworld.com Mitchell, Robert L. (2005, August 22) Smart Talk: Speech-enabled apps deliver bottom line benefits [Online] 5 pages, Available: http://www.computerworld.com SPEECHTEK (2005, Aug. 1) VoiceXML Platform Certification Program Gains Momentum [Online] 2 pages, Available: http://www.voicexml.org/press/press_releases The New Standard: VoiceXML Essay -- Computer Programming Languages VoiceXML the New Standard for Voice Applications From the initial introduction of VoiceXML in March of 2000, the world of customer service and voice applications have been turned upside down. Before VoiceXML, companies were complaining about the flexibility of their voice applications. Problems were arising because consumers were growing tired of using the touch-tone keypad on their telephones to select options and companies were losing more money than they would have liked. In order to increase the portability of their applications, companies decided to find a new way to standardize their interface. The solution that came about was VoiceXML, which was created by Motorola, AT&T, Lucent Technologies and IBM. The VoiceXML language is based on the World Wide Web Consortium's XML standard. Through the use of VoiceXML speech enabled applications have begun to help companies cut costs and deliver superior service. This standard has almost revolutionized the way that companies handle automated calls. This standard has started a competitive market for other platforms that enable businesses to improve all processes of their customer care and communication over the phone. VoiceXML or VXML is an open standard for building and controlling intelligent voice applications that incorporate speech recognition and text to speech technologies. According to Xiaole Song, VoiceXML is designed to be platform independent around the same server logic pull model used for HTML applications. Developers are able to create audio dialogs that have speech, audio, and the recognition of spoken and touch tone input and mixed conversations. Most of the existing automatic call handling systems lacked intelligence because they were built on menu st... ...2001, Aug 1) Let voice XML speak [Online] 2 pages; Available: http://www.wirelessreview.com Song, Xiaole. (2004, June 14) Implementing Speech-Enables Contact Center Applications [Online], 6 pages, Available: http://www.tmcnet.com/ Mitchell, Robert L. (2005, August 22) Smart Talk: Speech-enabled apps deliver bottom line benefits [Online] 5 pages, Available: http://www.computerworld.com Mitchell, Robert L. (2005, August 22) Smart Talk: Speech-enabled apps deliver bottom line benefits [Online] 5 pages, Available: http://www.computerworld.com Mitchell, Robert L. (2005, August 22) Smart Talk: Speech-enabled apps deliver bottom line benefits [Online] 5 pages, Available: http://www.computerworld.com SPEECHTEK (2005, Aug. 1) VoiceXML Platform Certification Program Gains Momentum [Online] 2 pages, Available: http://www.voicexml.org/press/press_releases

Comparison of Discipline Models Essay

EDU-450 Classroom Management A Comparison of Discipline Models A Comparison of Discipline Models In comparing Wong’s theory and Kagan, Kyle, and Scott’s theory, they both give pupils the independence to do what they think is appropriate for them, and the educators and parents incorporate them in making the rules. The Win-Win approach fixes the situation by allowing the students to choose a better approach to the issue. Morrish’s Real- Discipline approach believes that students do not know how to behave properly and responsible when they begin school. This theory believes that students only learn self-discipline through experience. This theory requires assistance in the required behavior. Wong’s Theory: I do agree with Wong’s theory. I agree with it because it is a great idea to give students independence in making choices in the way they are disciplined for breaking the rules. Students need to know that they have a say in how they will be disciplined for their actions. This will give the students a sense of how you must follow the rules or be reprimanded for them. Morrish’s Theory: I believe in Morrish’s behavior theory because the student is given a chance to correct their misbehavior. This theory allows the students to see that they have a chance to correct their behavior before disciplinary action is taken. This gives the students a sense of responsibility to choose to do the right thing. Kagan, Kyle, and Scott’s Theory: I agree with Kagan, Kyle, and Scott’s theory in the aspect that it is beneficial for teachers to develop ways that will disengage disruptive behavior in the classroom. Teachers must be able to distinguish which behaviors the students are engaged in and be able to appropriately correct the situation because the student’s behavior will escalate if not handled correctly. Strengths Weaknesses Advantages Disadvantages Wong’s Pragmatic Classroom: Ensures that all students understand their duties and learn to follow all class procedures automatically. (Charles, 2008). >This theory sets clear and concise procedures on what the students must know and do on a daily basis > This theory allows teachers to stay consistent with the procedures in her classroom. > The students are learning how to be responsible. > Wong’s theory gives the teacher a format in which to follow in order to be able to manage her classroom. > When rules are broken, the teacher has no alternative but to discipline the student. >Wong’s theory provides the students with a safe environment. > The students know what to expect on a daily basis with no surprises. > This theory gives the students a since of importance in helping solving discipline issues. > The teacher may have trouble anticipating the individual students’ needs and behaviors. >The teacher may fall short of recognizing the student’s potential growth. Morrish’s Real- Discipline Theory: Teach students how to behave properly and insist they comply with directions. (Charles 2008). >This theory gives courage for student to persevere as well as work through tasks which are not particularly pleasing (Charles, 2008). > This theory makes the students alert of their surroundings and what is happening. >Morrish’s overemphasis’ the disciplinary power of the teacher. >Morrish’s theory places assumptions that low self-esteem students are subject to getting in trouble in school. > Places assumption that teachers  who spend time to motivate students are wasting time. >This theory teaches students how to behave in the correct manner. > This theory teaches students to be courtesy and considerate of others. > The students will learn to follow a set of rules and limitations before being disciplined. > Personal discipline is the focus of this theory. >Morrish’s discipline theories purpose is to make students do what they do not want to do. >Morrish believes students should not be praised or rewarded in a continuous manner. Kagan, Kyle, and Scott’s Win- Win Discipline: Establish same- side cooperation with students and use â€Å"structure† to prevent and address student misbehavior (Charles, 2008). >Teachers and students work together to decide on behavior issues. > This theory is to help teachers recognize the seven positions in which discipline arises. >This goal helps students learn a lifelong responsible behavior. >The teacher must first recognize the student’s behavior and apply the appropriate disciplinary action. >This theory allows the teacher to help the student understand their behavior and help them determine a better avenue to handle the situation. >This theory allows the students to achieve goals they set for themselves. > This theory, if not used properly, can cause serious altercations in the classroom between teacher and student. References: Charles, C.M. (2008). Building Classroom Discipline. Boston. Pearson.

Free Essays on Debating Safety In Education

in order to express opinions or doubts in situations. Thus developing language and communication skills. Taking risks encourages a child to explore limits, experience new situations and develop their capacities, from a young age. Gaining new experiences extends problem solving, planning and reflection skills, which are essential to life. Children would never learn activities such as walking or climbing stairs unless they were motivated to respond to risk. Risk taking is often found in play situations where a child will learn through the play activities they partic... Free Essays on Debating Safety In Education Free Essays on Debating Safety In Education Childhood is the period of life that enables children to become competent and develop into confident adults. The role of an adult will influence the child significantly and during childhood, a child relies on the adult to care, protect and support whilst they learn and gain knowledge of the world. Part of the role and adult plays in a young child’s life is that of looking out for risks that a child may not anticipate. This is a natural instinct but can be taken to extremes by restricting a child from certain things. Restricting activities or disallowing a child from doing something because of fears about what might happen, blocks the development of a child intellectually which in turn causes social, emotional and physical deteriation. An adult needs to understand that it is impossible to shield a child from all risk whether it is part of their development, physically, emotionally or intellectually. All children need and want to take risks. A child will learn through risk and the ‘’learning has to be grounded in their own personal, social and emotional development.’’ (Jennie Lindon 2003). The lessons they need to learn focuses on confidence and ability. They need to feel confident enough to deal with mistakes and to take risks with the confidence that it is all right not to know something. Confidence is also needed to learn new words in order to express opinions or doubts in situations. Thus developing language and communication skills. Taking risks encourages a child to explore limits, experience new situations and develop their capacities, from a young age. Gaining new experiences extends problem solving, planning and reflection skills, which are essential to life. Children would never learn activities such as walking or climbing stairs unless they were motivated to respond to risk. Risk taking is often found in play situations where a child will learn through the play activities they partic...

Bystander Behaviour Research Paper

Bystander Behaviour Research Paper Free Online Research Papers This essay will give examples and discuss the factors which can affect bystander behaviour in various situations. Models explaining theories will be looked at along with various studies, as well as looking at the three social cognitive processes by Latane and Darley and explain how these were put together to propose a complex cognitive model. The essay will explain the Arousal cost reward model by Piliavin and Piliavin. After the murder of Kitty Genovese in 1964, bystander behaviour was first looked at by Latane and Darley in 1970. Kitty was repeatedly stabbed by a stalker on three separate attacks. During the first two attempts, voices and the sight of lights going on interrupted him and frightened him off but seeing as nobody was coming to her rescue, he went back the third time which consequently led to her death. During the police investigation it emerged that 38 of her neighbours had separately witnessed the attack and yet no-one had intervened or called the police. It was through kitty Genovese murder and early laboratory studies that led Latane and Darley to introduce the concept of unresponsive bystander and bystander apathy and according to Latane and Darley decision model, a bystander will pass through a logical series of steps before actually offering any help. Therefore a negative decision at any step will lead to non- intervention. The three social cognitive processes towards the behaviour of bystanders by Latane and Darley that were involved in the passive behaviour of bystanders and these are, Diffusion of responsibility is where there is a tendency that the individual will assume that someone else has taken control of the situation when in fact as a result no one actually does. Audience inhibition is where an individual is concerned with what others might think of them and not want to react to what may be a false alarm as they could feel embarrassed. Pluralistic ignorance which means that an individual will observe the behaviour from other onlookers and take his cue from their behaviour before actually helping and Latane and Darley put these ideas together to form a complex model and it was suggested that there were five steps necessary in order for an individual to take positive action. Step one is that an individual must notice that something is happening. A study by Darley and Batson (1973) is an example of this, whereby seminary students had to give a talk in a nearby building on the Good Samaritan. Each group were given different levels of urgency. Group one were told they had plenty of time to get to the other building, group two were told they had a few minutes but it is best to head over now whereas The third group was told they were already late. In an alleyway they passed a man slumped on the ground in pain. It was unclear whether the man was ill or drunk. 70% of students who believed they were ahead of schedule stopped to help the man, 45% of people who were on time stopped to help whereas only 10% of the students who believed they were late stopped to help. However many students actually stepped over the man needing help. It is thought that the students with more time took more notice of their surroundings whereas the students who believed they were late kept their heads down and noticed hardly anything of their surroundings. Step two of the cognitive model is do we interpret the situation as an emergency. Step three of the model is to take responsibility for helping. Step four refers to if a bystander decides to help and this will be influenced by how competent they feel. Step five will be to give the help needed provided the other four steps have been gone through first. Darley and Latane’s conclusions were expanded into a cost-reward arousal model by Piliavin et al in the early 1980’s. This model suggests that the potential rewards and costs of intervention and non-intervention are weighed up by the bystander. The cost-reward arousal model consists of two factors that are interdependent in order to explain whether or not a bystander will help. Arousal in response to the need of others is an emotional response which is distressing to the helper, thus motivating the helper to help in reducing their own distress. Cost-reward factor involves the bystander weighing up the situation in terms of costs and rewards to themselves. Costs and rewards may be seen in terms of those received for helping the victim , for example the amount of physical danger involved or fame and monetary rewards and as the costs for helping increase so does the probability of intervention. In conclusion this essay has shown that the cost of helping and not helping differ according to the type of help that is required, which could include personality of the bystander, the gender of either, and furthermore the bystander – victim relationship. Helping can be called altruism but only if the motive is to benefit the victim which is empathic concern. All human beings are capable of altruistic acts, and according to universal egoism, helping is always motivated by personal distress. Humans are capable of biological altruism whereby it is triggered within emergency situations, especially where their friends or relatives are concerned. 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4 way crossove and ADR Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

4 way crossove and ADR - Essay Example The rates paid to the lawyer are also usually high but in a civil case, payment may be made on a contingent fee basis where Bob will pay the lawyer a certain agreed upon percentage of the damages. He has the options of seeking state-provided lawyers who work on a pro-bono basis but this may take a long time for his case to be heard. The decision of the plant shop owners will be determined by Bob’s decision. If Bob decides to press charges and go to court, then the shop owners will have no alternative but to seek the services of a lawyer as well, but if Bob wants an out of court settlement, then the plant shop owners and Bob can chose and Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) which may involve a lawyer (s) or not. This is a pre-trial process where one party obtains evidence of what the other party has concerning a case. It can be done using several ways like depositions or interrogations and in the presence of lawyers. This can lead to avoid necessary court processes and the case can be resolved by the parties after the discovery. There can be production of documents or things like cameras (if any) showing evidence of the fall, the witnesses can be subpoenaed with requests to admit or deny the fall happening and Bob getting injured and also depositions where Bob can under oath affirm the plant shop incident. The different forms of discovery mentioned above are significant if evidence of the fall and the injury is to be found and be strong enough to warrant payment to Bob. Production of documents provides physical evidence, subpoenas also provides eye-witness evidence which is necessary to back Bob’s claims or refute them and finally depositions just like court testimony will ensure Bob is not lying when he tells the account of what happened and how much he used in hospital or the emotional pain he has undergone as a result of the fall. Yes. As mentioned above, the witnesses can be subpoenaed (which is a writ